Volumen plaquetario medio e índice de plaquetas-linfocitos como factores de pronóstico en cáncer papilar de tiroides.

BACKGROUND: Papillary thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine neoplasia. There are prognostic factors that establish risk of recurrence and mortality; however, patients considered low risk may have a less favorable evolution and hence the importance of finding new markers. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the mean platelet volume (MPV) and the platelet-lymphocyte index (PLI) show a relationship with the clinical staging in papillary thyroid cancer. METHOD: Retrospective, observational and analytical study. Preoperative MPV and PLI were recorded, its relationship with TNM and MACIS systems was sought, as well as locally advanced invasion and tumor focality. RESULTS: 107 cases treated from November 2017 to February 2020. No statistically significant difference was observed in these two preoperative parameters with advanced and initial stages, risk groups or tumor focality. The statistical analysis used was one-way ANOVA with SPSS 25, a 95% confidence interval and p < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the logical reasoning of tumor pathophysiology, our study did not find a relationship between papillary thyroid carcinoma with MPV and PLI, and should be complemented with more extensive studies.

ANTECEDENTES: El cáncer papilar de tiroides es la neoplasia endocrina más frecuente. Existen factores pronósticos que establecen el riesgo de recurrencia y mortalidad; sin embargo, los pacientes considerados de bajo riesgo pueden llegar a presentar una evolución menos favorable, y de ahí la importancia de encontrar nuevos marcadores. OBJETIVO: Evaluar si el volumen plaquetario medio (VPM) y el índice plaquetas-linfocitos (IPL) presentan una relación con la etapificación clínica en el cáncer papilar de tiroides. MÉTODO: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional y analítico. Se registraron el VPM y el IPL preoperatorios, y se buscó su relación con los sistemas TNM y MACIS, así como con la invasión localmente avanzada y la focalidad del tumor. RESULTADOS: Se trataron 107 casos de noviembre de 2017 a febrero de 2020. No se observó diferencia estadísticamente significativa en estos dos parámetros preoperatorios o en estadios avanzados e iniciales, grupos de riesgo ni focalidad del tumor. El análisis estadístico utilizado fue ANOVA de una vía, con SPSS 25, con intervalo de confianza del 95% y p < 0.05. CONCLUSIONES: Pese al razonamiento lógico de la fisiopatología tumoral, en nuestro estudio no se encontró relación entre el carcinoma papilar de tiroides, el VPM y el IPL, y debiera complementarse con estudios más extensos.

Assessment of diagnostic capacity and decision-making based on the 2015 American Thyroid Association ultrasound classification system.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluates the American Thyroid Association (ATA) ultrasound (US) classification system for the initial assessment of thyroid nodules to determine if it indeed facilitates clinical decision-making. AIM: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic value of the ATA US classification system for the initial assessment of thyroid nodules. METHODS: In accordance with the PRISMA statement for diagnostic test accuracy, we selected articles that evaluated the 2015 ATA US pattern guidelines using a diagnostic gold standard. We analyzed these cases using traditional diagnostic parameters, as well as the threshold approach to clinical decision-making and decision curve analysis. RESULTS: We reviewed 13 articles with 8445 thyroid nodules, which were classified according to 2015 ATA patterns. Of these, 46.62% were malignant. No cancer was found in any of the ATA benign pattern nodules. The Bayesian analysis post-test probability for cancer in each classification was: (1) Very-low suspicion, 0.85%; (2) Low, 2.6%; (3) Intermediate, 6.7%; and (4) High, 40.9%. The net benefit (NB), expressed as avoided interventions, indicated that the highest capacity to avoid unnecessary fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in the patterns that we studied was 42, 31, 35, and 43 of every 100 FNABs. The NB calculation for a probability threshold of 11% for each of the ATA suspicion patterns studied is less than that of performing FNAB on all nodules. CONCLUSION: These three types of analysis have shown that only the ATA high-suspicion diagnostic pattern is clinically useful, in which case, FNAB should be performed. However, the curve decision analysis has demonstrated that using the ATA US risk patterns to decide which patients need FNAB does not provide a greater benefit than performing FNAB on all thyroid nodules. Therefore, it is likely that a better way to approach the assessment of thyroid nodules would be to perform FNAB on all non-cystic nodules, as the present analysis has shown the ATA risk patterns do not provide an adequate clinical decision-making framework.

Location and removal of non-palpable subdermal single-rod contraceptive implant.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to present the experience of the family planning service Hospital General de México, in locating and removing no palpable subdermal single-rod contraceptive implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive, prospective, and cross-sectional study was performed from January 2011 to April 2018. RESULTS: Hundred and sixty-four patients in whom the implant was not palpable were reviewed, the time between insertion and removal averaged 3.3 years (maximum 10 years and minimum 3 months). Three implants were inserted in the right arm, the rest on the left one. Forty-seven implants were found in fatty tissue (29%), 18 in fascia (11%), 94 in muscle (57%), 2 in the armpit (1.2%), and 3 were not found (1.8%). CONCLUSIONS: The no palpable implant is caused by an incorrect insertion technique. Migration should not be assumed as a cause of difficult location. Amount of non-palpable implants is not possible to determine due to a lack of records, but approximately 3% are considered non-palpable. Ultrasound has proven to be the study of choice to locate an incorrect inserted implant. In this case, the total number of implants was located, except in two patients.

OBJETIVO: Presentar la experiencia del servicio de planificación familiar del Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo Liceaga en la localización y la extracción de implantes anticonceptivos subdérmicos no palpables. MATERIALS Y MÉTODOS: Estudio clínico descriptivo, prospectivo y transversal, realizado desde enero de 2011 hasta abril de 2018 en el servicio de planificación familiar del Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo Liceaga. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 164 pacientes con implantes no palpables, de los cuales 161 se localizaron por ultrasonido. El promedio entre la inserción y el retiro fue de 3.3 años. Tres implantes fueron insertados en el brazo derecho y el resto en el izquierdo; tres no se encontraron. CONCLUSIÓN: Por su fácil acceso y simplicidad, el ultrasonido es el método de elección para localizar implantes profundos no palpables.

Hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy. Is it a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge?

BACKGROUND: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is characterized by an increase in parathyroid hormone (PTH) and hypercalcemia, which, when present during pregnancy, increases both maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: Emphasize the importance of surgical intervention in primary hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy. CLINICAL CASE: A 27-year-old female with a pregnancy of 27.2 weeks of gestation, with a diagnosis of symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism secondary to parathyroid adenoma, a history of nephrolithiasis and severe acute pancreatitis, surgery was decided upon finding intrathyroid right parathyroid adenoma, post-surgical course with adequate evolution and remission of hyperparathyroidism. CONCLUSIONS: Parathyroidectomy in primary hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy is safe.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El hiperparatiroidismo primario (HPTP) se caracteriza por un aumento de la hormona paratiroidea (PTH) e hipercalcemia, que aumenta la morbimortalidad materna y fetal cuando se presenta durante el embarazo. OBJETIVO: Enfatizar la importancia de la intervención quirúrgica en el hiperparatiroidismo primario durante el embarazo. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente femenino de 27 años de edad con embarazo de 27.2 semanas de gestación, con diagnóstico de hiperparatiroidismo primario sintomático secundario a adenoma paratiroideo, antecedentes de nefrolitiasis y pancreatitis aguda grave; al decidir realizar un procedimiento quirúrgico se identificó un adenoma paratiroideo derecho intratiroideo; el curso posquirúrgico mostró adecuada evolución y remisión del hiperparatiroidismo. CONCLUSIÓN: La paratiroidectomía en el hiperparatiroidismo primario durante el embarazo es segura.

Endoscopic transoral parathyroidectomy: Initial experience.

BACKGROUND: We evaluate our initial experience of transoral vestibular approach parathyroidectomy (TOEPVA) for the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of patients with single parathyroid adenoma, using TOEPVA to perform the parathyroidectomy. The variables we analyzed were size, volume, and location of the adenoma, bleeding, identification, and preservation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, injury to the mental nerve, and the effective cure rate, using measures of central tendency. RESULTS: Our study included 21 women, with an average age of 43 years. The recurrent laryngeal nerve and mental nerve suffered no permanent damage, the average size of the adenoma was 26.6 mm, and a volume of 3.95 mL. We were able to identify the adenoma and cure the hyperparathyroidism in 20 of the patients (95.2%). CONCLUSIONS: TOEPVA is viable and safe in who wish to avoid the cervical scar resulting for the patient with primary hyperparathyroidism.

Regional Node Distribution in Papillary Thyroid Cancer with Microscopic Metastasis.

BACKGROUND: Optimal neck lymphadenectomy in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and microscopic lymph node metastasis needs to be defined in order to aid surgeons in their decision about the best way to proceed in these cases. METHODS: Patients who underwent total thyroidectomy and lymphadenectomy at levels IIa to VI were divided into two groups: Group 1 (G1) with macroscopic metastasis detected before surgery and Group 2 (G2) with microscopic metastasis detected in sentinel node during surgery. Odds ratio (OR) was computed for age, sex, tumor size, multicentricity, capsular invasion, vascular/lymphatic permeation, and nodes with metastasis. RESULTS: Primary tumor size was (G1 versus G2, respectively) 3.8 cm versus 1.98 cm (P<0.001); only lymphatic permeation was correlated to an increase in metastasis in lymph nodes 65.4% versus 25% (OR=5.6, p<0.001); metastatic frequency by region was IIa 18.5% versus 1.5%, III 24.3% versus 9.9%, IV 17.4% versus 18.1%, and VI 25.9% versus 71,2%. Metastasis to level V was found only in G1. CONCLUSION: Selective lymphadenectomy at levels III, IV, and VI is optimal for PTC patients without preoperative evidence of lymph node disease, but who present with lymph node microscopic metastasis in an intraoperative assessment.

[Divertículo de Zenker. Manejo endoscópico contra técnica abierta. ¿Cuál es mejor? Experiencia en el Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo Liceaga]. / Zenker's diverticulum: endoscopic versus surgical approach. Which is better? Experience in the General Hospital of Mexico Dr. Eduardo Liceaga.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El divertículo de Zenker es una enfermedad rara en la población general. Su tratamiento puede llevarse a cabo mediante un enfoque endoscópico o quirúrgico. OBJETIVO: Reportar la experiencia en el manejo del divertículo de Zenker en un centro de enseñanza de tercer nivel. MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo, transversal, descriptivo, en el que fueron analizados los expedientes de todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de divertículo de Zenker desde la formación de la clínica de tracto digestivo superior del Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo Liceaga. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron 14 casos con diagnóstico de divertículo de Zenker, 10 tratados con técnica transoral y 4 por cirugía abierta. Se presentaron tres recidivas en la técnica transoral y ninguna con la técnica abierta. En cuanto a las complicaciones, hubo una lesión dental con la técnica transoral y una fístula esofágica con cirugía abierta, que fue manejada con sonda nasoyeyunal colocada por endoscopia hasta el cierre espontáneo de la fístula. CONCLUSIÓN: El grapado transoral es una técnica con buenos resultados estéticos, pero en nuestra experiencia presenta mayor recurrencia que la cirugía abierta, por lo que debemos realizar un seguimiento a largo plazo de nuestros pacientes. BACKGROUND: Zenker diverticulum is a rare disease in the general population. Its treatment can be carried out by either an endoscopic or surgical approach. OBJECTIVE: To report the experience in the management of the Zenker diverticulum in a tertiary education center. METHODS: Retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study in which the files of all patients with diagnosis of Zenker diverticulum were analyzed from the formation of the upper digestive tract clinic of the General Hospital of Mexico Dr. Eduardo Liceaga. RESULTS: We found 14 cases with diagnosis of Zenker diverticulum, 10 treated with transoral technique and 4 for open surgery. Three recurrences in the transoral technique, no relapse with open technique. In terms of complications, one dental lesion was presented in the technique transoral, and one esophageal fistula in open surgery, managed with a nasojejunal tube placed by endoscopy until the spontaneous closure of said fistula. CONCLUSIONS: Transoral stapling is a technique with good aesthetic results. However, in our experience, it has a greater recurrence than open surgery, which is why we must carry out a long-term follow-up of our patients.

Safety and Cost-Effectiveness in Thyroidectomy Using the HARMONIC Scalpel Compared to Traditional Hemostasis: A Controlled Clinical Assay.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this clinical control trial is to analyze the cost-effectiveness and to understand the efficacy of the HARMONIC FOCUS®+ (Ethicon Inc., Somerville, New Jersey) scalpel as the only system to cut and coagulate in thyroidectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundered patients of the thyroid clinic of the Mexico City General Hospital were included. All patients underwent surgery and were divided into two randomized groups. In Group 1, the HARMONIC scalpel was the only device used for cut and coagulate (50 patients), and in Group 2 clamp, tie, and electrocautery (50 patients) were used. Surgical bleeding, operative time, complications, diagnosis, thyroid size, and hospital stay were evaluated in both groups. The statistical analysis was done using central trend measurements, Student's t-, chi-squared, and Fisher's exact test, with a significance level of p < 0.05. The cost-effectiveness analysis was completed by determining the total cost of the surgical procedure per hour in US dollars, and the evolution to compare efficacy will be the number of re-interventions due to postoperative bleeding. RESULTS: The use of the HARMONIC scalpel in thyroid surgery had the same results as the traditional method when comparing complications, reoperation, hospital stay, and hypoparathyroidism. In total thyroidectomy patients, the bleeding in Group 1 was 55.16ml ( ± 32.97) and 85.4ml ( ± 69.41) in Group 2 , p=0.034. Operative time in Group 1 was 74.6 minutes (± 23.39) and 104.09 minutes (± 34.66) in Group 2, p= 0.0001. In both groups, there were no statistical differences in lobectomy. Cost-effectiveness analysis implies an adequate hemostasis if we are using a hemostatic device, and above all, the avoidance of a re-intervention due to hematoma, and the cost-effectiveness with regard to the re-intervention as a result of a hematoma implies that $161 US more is spent for each re-intervention. CONCLUSION: The utilization of the HARMONIC scalpel device is similar to the traditional technique of ligature and knots as far as cost-effectiveness is concerned, due to the fact that the greater expense of the device is compensated by the lower expense in time and surgical re-intervention.

[Cervical lymphangioma in the adult. A report of 2 cases]. / Linfangioma de cuello en el adulto. Reporte de 2 casos.

BACKGROUND: Cervical lymphangiomas are uncommon benign congenital malformations usually present in children, and are rare in adults. Currently, complete resection is still the standard care. Two cases are presented of a cervical lymphangioma in an adult. The diagnosis and surgical approach is also discussed. CLINICAL CASE: Case 1. The first case is a 23 year old male with chief complaint of a tumour in the posterior triangle of the neck, which showed a substantial increase in size in the last 9 months. No associated signs or symptoms, or any trauma history was reported. CT scan of the neck showed images suggestive of a posterior cervical lymphangioma. Exploratory cervical surgery was performed, with complete resection of a cystic tumour located in the posterior triangle of the neck. Surgery was performed without complications and postoperative care was unremarkable. CASE 2: The second case is a 28 woman with a cystic tumour in submandibular space. She had history of a previous incomplete operation in another institution 2 years ago, with recurrence of the tumour. A second surgery was performed with complete resection without complications, and with a good outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Cervical lymphangioma is a very rare benign disease, surgical treatment is preferred, but sclerotherapy can be used as alternative treatment.

Efficacy of Intraoperative Neuro-Monitoring to Localize the External Branch of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated whether visual localization of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) coincides with its localization via intraoperative neuro-monitoring (IONM) during thyroidectomy and whether its use influences the frequency of injuries. METHODS: A prospective, comparative, cross-sectional, observational study was performed in 240 superior thyroid poles. The metrics were visual identification of the EBSLN and its corroboration with IONM. The frequency of EBSLN injuries was also determined. Statistical analysis was achieved via kappa and chi-square tests, as well as odds ratios (OR). RESULTS: Of the 240 superior thyroid poles, IONM identified 234 (97.5%) EBSLN, whereas 190 (79.1%) were identified visually: OR = 10.35 [CI 4.37-24.65] p < 0.0001. Of the 190 EBSLN identified visually, 150 were confirmed through IONM. Indeed, their structure corresponded to an EBSLN to yield a kappa with a linear weighting value of 0.362. The standard error was 0.0467 [CI 0.2686-0.4554], indicating a fair agreement between the visual and IONM classification. CONCLUSION: IONM identified 97.5% of EBSLN cases. It was higher than the visual identification. There were no injuries to EBSLN identified through IONM.

Cirugía de corta estancia en sábados, domingos y días festivos, experiencia en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital General de México, O.D / Short stay surgery on weekends and holidays, experience at the General Surgery Service of the General Hospital of Mexico, O.D

Objetivo: Demostrar las bondades del impacto, tiempo y costo-eficacia de la cirugía de corta estancia en sábados, domingos y días festivos. Sede: Hospital General de México. Diseño: Estudio prospectivo, transversal, observacional, comparativo. Análisis estadístico: Prueba t de Student, chi cuadrada y análisis costo-eficacia. Material y método: Durante 4 años se realizaron 1,200 cirugías dentro de este programa piloto, utilizando la capacidad hospitalaria instalada y al mismo personal contratado para la atención médica de dichos días, sin contar con una unidad de cirugía de corta estancia como tal. Los procedimientos realizados fueron: plastía inguinal, resección de enfermedad pilonidal, plastía umbilical, resección de tumor benigno de partes blandas, plastía de pared, mastectomía subcutánea, hemorroidectomía, fistulectomía y excisión de tumores benignos mamarios y se comparó con los mismos procedimientos, pero realizados en forma de cirugía programada, evaluando y comparando las siguientes variables: edad, género, procedimiento realizado, tiempo de estancia hospitalaria y costo-beneficio del procedimiento. También se evaluó necesidad de hospitalización, reingreso en menos de 24 h, morbilidad y mortalidad. Resultados: Los diagnósticos incluyeron: hernias inguinales con 486 casos, tumores de partes blandas en 359 casos, hernia umbilical en 185 casos, eventración en 88 casos, enfermedad anorrectal en 27 casos, enfermedad pilonidal en 17 casos, ginecomastia en 17 casos, fimosis en 10 y otros en 11. Se realizaron plastía inguinal, resección de enfermedad pilonidal, plastía umbilical, excisión de tumor benigno de partes blandas, plastía de pared, mastectomía subcutánea, hemorroidectomía y/o fistulectomía, circuncisión y otros. El tiempo empleado para el manejo quirúrgico se redujo de 36 horas en promedio a doce horas (p < 0.05). El costo-eficacia fue del 40% menor en comparación con los pacientes que se operaron con el método tradicional. El promedio de tiempo quirúrgico y anestésico no fue diferente entre cirugía ambulatoria y el método tradicional. Conclusión: Se puede realizar con gran eficiencia cirugía de corta estancia en sábados domingos y días festivos con un ahorro de 40%.

Objective: To demonstrate the benefits of the impact, time, and cost-effectiveness of short stay surgery performed on weekends and holidays. Setting: General Hospital of Mexico (Third level health care hospital). Design: Prospective, cross-sectional, observational, and comparative study. Statistical analysis: Student's t test, chi square, and cost-effectiveness analysis. Material and method: During 4 years, 1,200 surgeries were performed within this pilot program, using the installed hospital infrastructure and the same personnel employed for medical care in those days, without having a special short stay surgery unit as such. Performed procedures were: inguinal plasty, resection of pilonidal disease, umbilical plasty, resection of benign soft tissue tumor, wall plasty, subcutaneous mastectomy, hemorrhoidectomy, fistulectomy, and excision of benign breast tumors, these were compared with the same procedures but performed as programmed surgeries. We assessed and compared the following variables: age, gender, performed procedure, time of hospital stay, and cost-benefit of the procedure. We also evaluated the need of hospitalization, re-admittance in less than 24 h, morbidity and mortality. Results: Diagnoses included: inguinal hernias with 486 cases, 359 cases of soft tissue tumors, 185 cases of umbilical hernia, 88 cases of eventration, 22 cases of anorectal disease, 17 cases of pilonidal disease, 17 cases of gynecomastia, 10 cases of phimosis, and 11 other diagnoses. We performed inguinal plasties, resection of pilonidal disease, umbilical plasty, excision of soft tissue tumor, wall plasty, subcutaneous mastectomy, hemorrhoidectomy and/or fistulectomy, circumcision and other procedures. The time used for surgical management was reduced from an average of 36 to 12 hours (p < 0.05). Cost-effectiveness was 40% lower as compared with the traditional method. Surgical and anesthetic times were not different between ambulatory and traditional surgeries. Conclusion: Short stay surgery can be performed efficiently on the weekends and holydays with a 40% savings.

Prevención de quejas y demandas al aplicar las metas de seguridad en el paciente quirúrgico / Prevention of complaints and claims by applying the Safety Guidelines to the surgical patient

Objetivo: Demostrar si el cumplimiento de las ''metas internacionales de seguridad en el paciente'' pueden disminuir la frecuencia de quejas y/o demandas. Sede: Hospital General de México. Diseño: Observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, transversal. Análisis estadístico: Porcentaje como medida de resumen para variables cualitativas. Material y métodos: Se evaluaron las quejas y demandas relacionadas al Servicio de Cirugía General y manejada por el Departamento Jurídico de enero de 2008 a octubre de 2009, al requerir peritaje por tercero en discordia, previo a instrumentar la aplicación del programa de metas internacionales de seguridad en el paciente. Se evalúo la causa específica de la queja y si ésta hubiera sido o no prevenida al aplicar las metas internacionales de seguridad del paciente. Resultados: Durante el periodo de estudio se requirió de ocho peritajes relacionados a cirugía general, si se hubieran aplicado las metas internacionales de seguridad del paciente, el 50% de la quejas hubieran sido prevenidas. La cuarta meta internacional que garantiza cirugía en el lugar correcto, con el procedimiento correcto y al paciente correcto destaca sobre las demás en casos relacionados a cirugía general para prevenir quejas. Conclusión: La aplicación correcta de las metas internacionales de seguridad del paciente logra detectar fallas en la atención médica y, en consecuencia, previene en un 50% la frecuencia de quejas o demandas relacionadas con la atención médica.

Objective: To demonstrate whether complying with the ''International Safety Guidelines for the Patient'' can decrease the frequency of complaints and/or claims. Setting: General Hospital of Mexico. Design: Observational, descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study. Statistical analysis: Percentages as summary measure for qualitative variables. Material and methods: We evaluated the complaints and claims related to the general surgery service and handled by the legal department from January 2008 to October 2009 that required expert advice from a third arbitrator, and which occurred before applying the International Safety Guidelines for the Patient. We assessed the specific cause of the complaints and whether these could have or not been prevented by applying the Safety Guidelines. Results: During the studied period, eight third arbitrator revisions were required related to general surgery. If the Safety Guidelines had been applied, 50% of the complaints could have been avoided. The fourth guideline that warrants that surgery be performed in the right place, use of the correct procedure, and the correct patient stands out above the other guidelines in cases related to general surgery to avoid complaints. Conclusion: Adequate application of the International Safety Guidelines for the Patient is instrumental in detecting failures related to medical care.

Low-risk papillary thyroid cancer recurrence in patients treated with total thyroidectomy and adjuvant therapy vs. patients treated with partial thyroidectomy.

BACKGROUND: Surgical extension for treatment of patients with low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma is still controversial. We undertook this study to assess if there is a difference in recurrence between patients undergoing total thyroidectomy plus adjuvant therapy and patients treated with only partial thyroidectomy. METHODS: We conducted a longitudinal, observational, analytical study in patients with histopathological diagnosis of low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma followed for at least 10 years. Patients were divided into two groups: Group 1: Patients treated with total thyroidectomy plus adjuvant therapy (TT) and Group 2: Patients treated with only partial thyroidectomy without adjuvant therapy (HT). Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used. RESULTS: AMES: 184 patients, recurrence in 5/23 HT and 7/161 TT (p = 0.0016); MACIS: 170 patients, recurrence in 5/24 HT and 5/146 TT (p = 0.0008); DeGroot: 92 patients, recurrence in 3/19 HT and 2/73 TT (p = 0.0254); TNM: 150 patients, recurrence in 5/22 HT and 7/128 TT (p = 0.0058). The time interval for local recurrences was higher in comparison to regional recurrences (p <0.05). In all classifications, recurrences occur mainly with regional metastatic disease (60%). Multifocality, bilateral disease and extracapsular disease showed no statistical difference. There was one incidental injury to a recurrent laryngeal nerve and this was repaired during the same surgical procedure. There was no morbidity due to hypoparathyroidism. CONCLUSIONS: Patients classified as low risk according to any of the studied classifications have a higher risk for recurrence when treated with hemithyroidectomy than when treated with total thyroidectomy plus adjuvant therapy.

Prevalence of thyroid nodules in the Valley of Mexico.

BACKGROUND: There are no open population epidemiological studies to determine the true prevalence of thyroid nodules in the Valley of Mexico. The aim of this investigation was to determine prevalence. METHODS: We carried out a cross-sectional, observational, descriptive study in 2401 open population subjects in the Valley of Mexico. All subjects were at least 18 years of age with no clinical history of thyroid disease. Variables analyzed were age, gender, thyroid nodule identified by neck palpation or neck ultrasound, TSH levels, cytological diagnosis and histopathological diagnosis in case of clinical thyroid nodule detection. Percentages as a summary measure for qualitative variables and proportions and chi-square for independent variables were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Included were 2401 subjects with a mean age of 39 years (82.4% female, 17.6% male). Thirty-four (1.4%) thyroid nodules were detected by palpation and 471 (19.6%) by ultrasound. The 34 palpable thyroid nodules corresponded to 16 (47.2%) colloid goiters, 8 (23.5%) follicular adenomas, 7 (20.5%) Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 2 (5.9%) papillary carcinomas and 1 (2.9%) oxiphilic cell adenoma. Nonpalpable thyroid nodules detected by ultrasound did not develop illness at 2-year follow-up. TSH was normal in 1620 (67.4%), high in 515 (21.5%) and low in 266 (11.1%) patients. There was no relationship between TSH levels and final diagnosis of the 34 palpable nodules (p >0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of palpable thyroid nodule in the Valley of Mexico is 1.4%; 5.9% of these are due to papillary thyroid cancer. TSH levels do not correlate with the presence or cause of the thyroid nodule.

Candida glabrata: un oportunista emergente en vulvovaginitis / Candida glabrata: an emergent opportunist in vulvovaginitis

Introducción: El género Candida comprende varias especies; en años recientes algunas como Candida glabrata ha incrementado su frecuencia con trascendencia clínica. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio para determinar la frecuencia de Candida glabrata en 468 pacientes con sintomatología clínica para candidosis vulvovaginal, así como la sensibilidad de la misma a fluconazol por métodos de difusión en agar con sensidiscos y microdilución en caldo. Resultados: La frecuencia para esta especie fue de 12.6 %. La resistencia de Candida glabrata al tratamiento con fluconazol se corroboró en este estudio: 68.2 % de las cepas fue resistente en pruebas de placas (sensidiscos) y 51.2 % en prueba de microdilución en caldo (método NCLSI), con una concentración mínima inhibitoria de 16 μg/ml. Conclusiones: La frecuencia de Candida glabrata se ha incrementado y presenta resistencia a los tratamientos habituales, lo que influye en la persistencia y recurrencia de infecciones genitales y sistémicas.

BACKGROUND: Candida genus has various species. The incidence of C. glabrata has presented itself with more frequency over the past years with clinical importance. METHODS: A case study was made to determine the frequency of C. glabrata in 468 patients who presented clinical symptomatology for vulvovaginal candidiasis and the in vitro response for fluconazole using two methods: diffusion in agar plates and microdilution in liquid medium [NCLSI (NCCLS) method]. RESULTS: The frequency for this specie was 12.6%, almost double the frequency observed 10 years ago. The resistance of C. glabrata to fluconazole treatment was confirmed in this study, representing 68.2% resistance in all strains on test plates and 51.2% on NCLSI method with a MIC of 16 microg/ml. Conclusions: The frequency of Candida glabrata has increased over the past years. It presents resistance to usual treatments, which promotes the persistence and recurrence of genital and systemic infections.

Candida glabrata: an emergent opportunist in vulvovaginitis.

BACKGROUND: Candida genus has various species. The incidence of C. glabrata has presented itself with more frequency over the past years with clinical importance. METHODS: A case study was made to determine the frequency of C. glabrata in 468 patients who presented clinical symptomatology for vulvovaginal candidiasis and the in vitro response for fluconazole using two methods: diffusion in agar plates and microdilution in liquid medium [NCLSI (NCCLS) method]. RESULTS: The frequency for this specie was 12.6%, almost double the frequency observed 10 years ago. The resistance of C. glabrata to fluconazole treatment was confirmed in this study, representing 68.2% resistance in all strains on test plates and 51.2% on NCLSI method with a MIC of 16 microg/ml. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of Candida glabrata has increased over the past years. It presents resistance to usual treatments, which promotes the persistence and recurrence of genital and systemic infections.

[Correlation between clinical characteristics and mycological tests in the vulvovaginitis by Candida]. / Correlación clinico-micológica de la candidiasis vulvovaginal.

BACKGROUND: Vulvovaginitis caused by Candida sp is one of the most frequent infections. OBJECTIVES: To culture and to identify the fungi related to clinical manifestations of patients based on a suspected diagnosis of vulvovaginal candidiasis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective, transversal and comparative study was performed on 181 women older than 18 years with vulvovaginitis by Candida sp. A correlation was made between the clinical characteristics of this entity and mycological tests such as direct examination and cultures. RESULTS: The direct exam or fresh vaginal exam and cervical sample was positive for the different microscopic forms of Candida (blastoconidia, pseudohyphye or pseudomycelia) in 60.8% (110 women); at the same time that cultures were positive for Candida sp in 51.9% (94 patients). CONCLUSIONS: The direct examination and the cultures of vaginal and cervical exudate are mandatory tests for diagnosis of Candida sp in women with vulvovaginitis.

[Infection of the surgical site. Experience of two years in the gynecology and obstetric service of Mexican General Hospital]. / Infección del sitio quirúrgico. Experiencia de dos años en el servicio de ginecología y obstetricia del Hospital General de México.

OBJECTIVE: To know the incidence and causal agents of the surgical site infection at the Gynecology and Obstetrics Service of the Hospital General de Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A retrospective, descriptive and analytical study was performed on patients with surgical site infection at the Gynecology and Obstetrics Service of the Hospital General de Mexico during January 1st, 2000 to December 31st, 2001. RESULTS: A global low rate of surgical site infection was observed, with predominance on the third life decade patients and on obstetrics events (69.5%). The initial treatment consisting of 600 mg intravenous clindamycin every eight hours and 500 mg intravenous amikacin every 12 hours showed high efficacy. The mean time of hospital stay was nine days; 97% of the discharges were due to improvement, with a minimum rate of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The index of surgical site infections for gynecological and obstetric procedures is lower than the accepted percentage, but it is more frequent in patients submitted to total abdominal hysterectomy.